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Horizontal curve

Horizontal curves define how vehicles turn on the map. A practical alignment usually combines tangents, circular curves, and transition curves to balance terrain avoidance, comfort, and stability.

Transition curve

A transition curve is not the primary control element that defines the route. It is a connecting element placed between controlling tangents, arcs, or other alignment units. A tangent has zero curvature, a circular arc has constant curvature 1/R, and the transition curve changes curvature continuously between them.